Rice

These test guidelines apply to all varieties, hybrids and parental lines of rice (Oryza sativa.L.)

S.No.	Characteristics	States	Note	Example varieties	Stage of obser vation	Type of assessment
1.	Coleoptile: colour	colourless green purple	1 2 3		10	VS
2. (*)	Basal leaf: sheath colour	green light purple purple lines purple	1 2 3 4	Rasi Annada	40	VS
3.	Leaf: intensity of green colour	light medium dark	3 5 7	Mahsuri Heera PR 113, Swarna	40	VG
4.	Leaf: anthocyanin colouration	absent present	1 9	Pusa 44	40	VG
5.	Leaf : distribution of anthocyanin colouration	on tips only on margins only in blotches only uniform	1 2 3 4	Intan, Amulya	40	VG
6.	Leaf sheath: anthocyanin colouration	absent present	1 9		40	VG
7.	Leaf sheath : intensity of anthocyanin colouration	very weak weak medium strong very strong	1 3 5 7 9		40	VG
8. (*)	Leaf: pubescence of blade surface	absent weak medium strong very strong	1 3 5 7 9	Heera Vana Praba IR 20 Jaya	40	VS
9. (*)	Leaf : auricles	absent present	1 9	Vikramarya Jaya	40	VS
10. (*)	Leaf: anthocyanin colouration of auricles	colourless light purple purple	1 2 3	Pusa 44 Hemavathi	40	VS
11.	Leaf: collar	absent present	1 9	Rasi	40	VS
12.	Leaf: anthocyanin colouration of collar	absent present	1 9	Rasi Hemavathi	40	VS
13.	Leaf: ligule	absent present	1 9	Pusa 44 Triguna	40	VS
14. (*)	Leaf: shape of ligule	truncate acute split	1 2 3	VL Dhan 221 Pusa 44	40	VS
15 (*).	Leaf: colour of ligule	green light purple purple	1 2 3	Rasi	40	VS
16.	Leaf: length of blade	short medium long	3 5 7		40	MS
17.	Leaf: width of blade	narrow medium broad	3 5 7		40	MS
18.	Culm: attitude (for floating rice only)	non procumbent procumbent	1 9		40	VS
19. (+)	Culm: attitude	erect semi-erect open spreading	1 3 5 7	Tulasi Jaya Annada, Dinesh	40	VS
20. (*)	Time of heading (50% of plants with panicles)	very early (<71 days) early (71-90 days) medium (91-110 days) late (111-130 days) very late (>130 days)	1 3 5 7 9	VL Dhan 221, Heera Pantdhan 11, NDR 97 Pusa 169, PR 108 Basmati 370 Kushal, Sabita	55	VG
21. (*) (+)	Flag leaf: attitude of blade (early observation)	erect semi-erect horizontal deflexed	1 3 5 7	Pusa 44 Jyothi, Kalinga III	60	VG
22. (*)	Spikelet: density of pubescence of lemma	absent weak medium strong very strong	1 3 5 7 9	Krishna Hamsa Rasi Vasumati, Vandana	60-80	VS
23.	Male sterility	absent present	1 9	Pusa 44	65	VG
24.	Lemma: anthocyanin colouration of keel	absent or very weak weak medium strong very strong	1 3 5 7 9	Aditya, Swarnadhan	65	VS
25.	Lemma: anthocyanin colouration of area below apex	absent weak medium strong very strong	1 3 5 7 9	Pusa 44 Amulya, Annada Heera, Jyothi	65	VS
26. (*)	Lemma: anthocyanin colouration of apex	absent weak medium strong very strong	1 3 5 7 9	Pusa 44, Phalguna Mandya Vijaya Anjali Intan, Rasi	65	VS
27. (*)	Spikelet: colour of stigma	white light green yellow light purple purple	1 2 3 4 5	Pusa 44 Rasi	65	VS
28. (+)	Stem: thickness	thin medium thick	3 5 7	Heera Ratna Malviya Dhan 36, Chaitanya	70	VS
29. (*)	Stem: length (excluding panicle; excluding floating rice)	very short (<91 cm) short (91-110 cm) medium (111-130 cm) long (131-150 cm) very long (>150 cm)	1 3 5 7 9	Heera Pusa 44, PR 106 PR 108 Pusa Basmati 1 Lunisree, Mahsuri	70	VS
30. (*)	Stem: anthocyanin colouration of nodes	absent present	1 9	Pusa 44 Amulya, Hemavathi	70	VS
31.	Stem : intensity of anthocyanin colouration of nodes	weak medium strong	3 5 7		70	VS
32.	Stem: anthocyanin colouration of internodes	absent present	1 9	Aditya Prasanna	70	VS
33. (*) (+)	Panicle: length of main axis	very short (<16 cm) short (16-20 cm) medium (21-25 cm) long (26-30 cm) very long (>30 cm)	1 3 5 7 9	VL Dhan 221 NDR 97 Vasumati	70-90	MS
34. (*) (+)	Flag leaf: attitude of blade (late observation)	erect semi-erect horizontal deflexed	1 3 5 7	ADT 37,Pusa 44 Prasanna Jyothi, Kalinga III	90	VG
35. (*) (+)	Panicle: curvature of main axis	straight semi-straight drooping deflexed	1 3 5 7	Sona Mahsuri Jaya, Krishna Veni Govind, ADT 37	90	VG
36.	Panicle: number per plant	few (<11) medium (11-20) many (>20)	3 5 7	Kasturi, Kranti PNR 162, Krishna Hamsa Pusa 677, IR 50	80-90	MS
37. (*)	Spikelet : colour of tip of lemma	white yellowish brown red purple black	1 2 3 4 5 6	Aditya Prasanna Mandya Vijaya Rasi, Hemavathi	80-90	VS
38.	Lemma and Palea: colour	straw gold and gold furrows on straw background brown spots on straw brown furrows on straw brown ( tawny) reddish to light purple purple spots on straw purple furrows on straw purple black	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10	Aditya Vibhava Mandya Vijaya	80-90	VG
39. (*)	Panicle : awns	absent present	1 9	Pusa 44 Pusa Basmati 1	90	VG
40. (*)	Panicle: colour of awns (late observation)	yellowish white yellowish brown brown reddish brown light red red light purple purple black	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9	Nidhi Nagarjuna	90	VS
41.	Panicle: length of longest awn	very short short medium long very long	1 3 5 7 9	IR 64 IR 20 Taroari Basmati Kasturi Pusa Basmati-1	90	VG-MS
42. (*)	Panicle: distribution of awns	tip only upper half only whole length	1 3 5	Kranti Basmati 370 Pusa Basmati 1	90	VS
43. (+)	Panicle: presence of secondary branching	absent present	1 9	Rasi	90	VG
44. (+)	Panicle: secondary branching	weak strong clustered	1 2 3	Annada Gayathri	90	VG
45. (*) (+)	Panicle: attitude of branches	erect erect to semi-erect semi-erect semi-erect to spreading spreading	1 3 5 7 9	Swarna Pusa 44 Pusa 834	90	VG
46. (*) (+)	Panicle: exsertion	partly exserted exserted well exserted	3 5 7	IR58025A, Swarnadhan Pusa 44 VL dhan 221	90	VG
47.	Time of maturity	very early early medium late very late	1 3 5 7 9	VL dhan 221, Heera Pantdhan 11, NDR 97 PR 108, Pusa 169 Basmati 370 Kushal, Sabita	90	VG
48. (+)	Leaf: senscence	early medium late	3 5 7		92	VG
49. (*)	Sterile lemma: colour	straw gold red purple	1 2 3 4	Tulasi Vibhava, Shanti	92	VS
50.	Grain: weight of 1000 fully developed grains	very low low medium high very high	1 3 5 7 9		92	MG
51. (+)	Grain: length	very short short medium long very long	1 3 5 7 9	PR 106 Pusa 169	92	MS
52. (+)	Grain: width	very narrow narrow medium broad very broad	1 3 5 7 9	Ratna IR 20 Jaya	92	MS
53. (+)	Grain: phenol reaction of lemma	absent present	1 9		92	VG
54. (*)	Decorticated grain: length	very short short medium long very long	1 3 5 7 9	Kushal Samba Mahsuri MTU 5249, Pusa 44 Kasturi, Basmati 370	92	MS
55. (*)	Decorticated grain: width	narrow (<2.0 mm) medium (2.0-2.5 mm) broad (>2.5 mm)	3 5 7	Govind NDR 97	92	MS
56. (*) (+)	Decorticated grain: shape (in lateral view)	short slender short bold medium slender long slender long bold extra long slender	1 2 3 4 5 6	Mahi Sugandha Salivahana Samba Mahsuri Kasturi Sasyasree	92	MS
57. (*)	Decorticated grain: colour	white light brown variegated brown dark brown light red red variegated purple purple dark purple	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9	Jyothi Red Triveni	92	VG
58. (+)	Endosperm: presence of amylose	absent present	1 9		92	MG
59. (*) (+)	Endosperm: content of amylose	very low (<10%) low(10-19%) medium(20-25%) high(26-30%) very high (>30%)	1 3 5 7 9	Norin 18 Taroari Basmati Jaya	92	MG
60. (+)	Varieties with endosperm of amylose absent only Polished grain : expression of white core	absent or very small smal medium large	1 3 5 7		90	MG
61. (+)	Gelatinization temperature through alkali spreading value.	low medium high medium high	1 3 5 7	IR 8 Taroari Basmati	92	MG
62. (*) (+)	Decorticated grain: aroma	absent present	1 9	Jaya Basmati 370	92	MG

Characteristic 21 and 34. Flag leaf : attitude of blade (early observations (21), (late observations (34

Stem (Syn. Culm) thickness is measured from the outer diameter of the culm at the mid portion with the help of vernier calipers

The leaves below the flag leaf are observed at the time of harvest for their retention of greenness. State (3), early senescence - leaves are dead when the grains have become fully ripened; state (5), medium senescence (there must be 1 leaf which retains its colour); state (7) late and slow senescence - 2 or more leaves retain their colour at maturity.

Grains are soaked in 1.5 percent aqueous phenol solution for 24 hours, drained and air-dried. Hull colour is then recorded unstained and stained. (Chang TT and E.A. Bardenas 1965).

After dehusking (brown rice) or after milling (polished rice) the length and breadth of the grains are measured for computing the shape and size. Select minimum of 10 full grains per replication with both the ends intact and measure the length and breadth by using Grain Shape Tester or Dial Micrometer. Average of length and breadth measurements are taken in millimeters and length/breadth ratio is calculated. Based on length and breadth (L/B) ratio, Ramaiah, 1969 classification is used to assign the grain shape.

Note : The classification of extra long slender of grain is done according to SES, IRRI 1996; for Basmati type long slender grain length should be more than 6.61 mm as per the proceedings of Annual Rice Workshop 1998.

By observation glutinous rice has waxy grains and non-glutinous rice are non-waxy to transparent with various grades according to the amylose content of the endosperm. When it is necessary glutinous rice and rice with various grades of amylose content, chemical analysis is needed.

The simplified procedure of Juliano (1971) is used for the amylose content analysis. Twenty whole-grain milled rice is ground in a UDY cyclone mill (sieve mesh size 60). 100 mg of rice powder is put into a 100 ml volumetric flask and 1 ml of 95% ethanol and 9 ml of 1N Sodium hydroxide are added. The contents are heated on a boiling water bath to gelatinize the starch. After cooling for one hour, distilled water is added and contents are mixed well. For each set of samples run, low, intermediate and high amylose standard varieties are included to serve as checks. Five ml of the starch solution is put in a 100 ml volumetric flask with a pipette. One ml of 1N acetic acid, 2 ml of iodine solution (0.2 g iodine and 2.0 g potassium iodide in 100 ml of aqueous solution) are added and volume is made up with distilled water. Contents are shaken well and let stand for 20 minutes. Absorbance of the solution is measured at 620 mu with a spectrophotometer of standard make. Amylose content is determined by using a conversion factor and the results are expressed on a dry weight basis. The moisture content of the samples is essentially constant and need not be determined if the relative humidity and temperature of the laboratory is controlled.

Characteristic 60. Polished grain : expression of white core (Varieties with endosperm of amylose absent only)

Degree of chalkiness describing the milled sample rice with respect to (a) white core (b) white belly, (c) white back. Chalky white spots often appear in the starchy endosperm. A white chalky region extending to the edge of the ventral side and towards the centre of the endosperm is called a white core. Soft textured, white spots occurring in the middle part on the ventral side (side on which the embryo lies) are called (abdominal white) or white belly. A long white streak on the dorsal side is called the white back.

Gelatinization temperature through alkali spreading and clearing test (Little el al, 1958)

Duplicate sets of six whole milled grains are spaced evenly in transparent plastic boxes (50 mm x 42 mm x 22 mm) containing 10 ml of 1.7% Potassium Hydroxide. The dishes are kept at 27-30⁰C for 23 hours undisturbed in an incubator. Standard varieties must be used as checks for high, medium and low gelatinization temperature. The spreading of kernels noted on a 7 point scale is expressed as average of six values. Scoring is done as follows.

The method consists of adding about 15ml of water to 5 g of rice sample in a test tube (200 mm x 35 mm), soak for 10 minutes. Cook the sample in the water bath for 15 minutes. Transfer the cooked rice in to a petridish. After cooling keep it in the refrigerator for 20 minutes. Then the petri plates are opened and the contents are smelled. The samples possessing the scent, as one could easily feel, produce a sharp and readily recognizable aroma. (DRR un published).

“T. Matsuo (edit.) (1993-97): “Science of the Rice Plant (Volume 1-3)” Rural culture Association, Tokyo ,

Japan

Chang T.T. and E A Bardenas 1965. The morphology and varietal characters of the rice plant. Technical Bulletin 4, IRRI,

Philippines

, 40 p

Ramiah K., 1969. Grain Classification page No—in Rice Research in

India

, ICAR Publiation, 1985

Juliano BO, 1971. A simplified assay for milled rice amylose cereal Sci. To day 16: 334-338, 340, 360

Cagampang G.B., CM. Parez and B.O Juliano, 1973. A gel consistency test for eating quality of rice. J. Sci. Food Agric. 24: 1589-1594.

Little & RR, G.B. Hilder and E.H. Dawson 1958. Differential effect of dilute alkali on 25 Varieties of milled white rice. Cereal Chem. 35: 111-126.

Test plot details:
Number of rows	: 50
Row length	: 10 m
Row to row distance	: 30 cm
Plant to plant distance	: 20 cm
Number of replications	: 3 for irrigated and shallow lowland tests 5 for upland, saline-alkaline, semi-deepwater and deepwater tests.

Code		Growth stage
10	:	First leaf through coleoptile / second leaf visible (less than 1 cm)
40	:	Booting (early boot stage)
50	:	First spikelet of inflorescence just visible
55	:	½ of inflorescence emerged
60	:	Beginning of anthesis
65	:	Anthesis half-way
70	:	Milk development
80	:	Dough development
90	:	Ripening (terminal spikelets ripened)
92	:	Caryopsis hard (can no longer be dented by thumbnail and over 90% of spikelets ripened)


	1 erect	3 semi erect	5 open	7 spreading


1 erect		3 semi-erect		5 horizonta	7 deflexed


	1 straigh	3 semi straigh	5 drooping	7 deflexed

Variety and hybrid - 3000 grams		In one submission only
Parental line - 1500 grams

MG	:	Measurement by a single observation of a group of plants or parts of plants
MS	:	Measurement of a number of individual plants or parts of plants
VG	:	Visual assessment by a single observation of a group of plants or parts of plants
VS	:	Visual assessment by observation of individual plants or parts of plants


Parts of young germinating seedling	Parts of a primary tiller and its secondary tiller


	1 weak	3 erect to semi-erect	5 semi-erect	7 semi-erect to spreading	9 spreading

Vol. 1	Morphology (1993)
Vol.2	Physiology (1995)
Vol.3	Genetics (1997)
Indices	(1997)

Characteristics